{"id":3284,"date":"2015-01-08T20:43:23","date_gmt":"2015-01-08T20:43:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/?post_type=project&p=3284"},"modified":"2017-06-30T13:34:19","modified_gmt":"2017-06-30T17:34:19","slug":"geology","status":"publish","type":"project","link":"https:\/\/www.avirtualdominica.com\/project\/geology\/","title":{"rendered":"Geology"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”on” specialty=”off”][et_pb_fullwidth_slider show_arrows=”on” show_pagination=”on” auto=”off” auto_ignore_hover=”off” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”off” remove_inner_shadow=”on” background_position=”default” background_size=”default” hide_content_on_mobile=”off” hide_cta_on_mobile=”off” show_image_video_mobile=”off” custom_button=”off” button_letter_spacing=”0″ button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on” button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ header_font_size=”46″ body_font_size=”16″ button_text_size=”20″ button_border_width=”2″ button_border_radius=”3″ button_border_radius_hover=”3″] [et_pb_slide heading=”Geology” background_image=”http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/geology-header.jpg” background_position=”default” background_size=”default” background_color=”#ffffff” alignment=”center” background_layout=”dark” allow_player_pause=”off” header_font_select=”default” body_font_select=”default” custom_button=”off” button_font_select=”default” button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on”]<\/p>\n

All about Dominica\u2019s geological make up<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide] [\/et_pb_fullwidth_slider][et_pb_fullwidth_menu menu_id=”847″ background_color=”#245e04″ background_layout=”dark” text_orientation=”center” submenu_direction=”downwards” fullwidth_menu=”on” dropdown_menu_animation=”fade” saved_tabs=”all” global_module=”9181″ \/][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off”][et_pb_row background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#dd3333″ border_style=”groove” border_width=”4px” text_font_size=”14″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Besides rivers, Dominica has no shortage of mountains. Green\u00a0cushioned edifices competing for space in this small island. Where Dominica lacks in horizontal space, she gains in vertical. There are\u00a0at least 26 mountains, 9 of which are dormant volcanoes, and the highest being almost 5000 feet. Dominica has the highest concentration of dormant volcanoes in the world, adding to her already unique status.<\/p>\n

Read on for more information about Dominica’s<\/p>\n

Mountains<\/a>\u00a0Hot Springs<\/a> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Quick Facts<\/h3>\n

With so much of the interior and part of the coast forested and or protected there is much to see<\/p>\n

#\u00a0of Dormant Volcanoes: <\/strong>9<\/p>\n

#\u00a0of Sites:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Highest Elevation:<\/strong> \u00a03,000<\/p>\n

Lowest Elevation: \u00a0<\/strong>Sea level<\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” background_color=”#ffffff” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” module_id=”layouts” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” use_custom_gutter=”off” gutter_width=”3″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/scottshead-for-the-sea.jpg” title_text=”View of Scott\u2019s Head and Soufriere Bay” show_in_lightbox=”on” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” \/][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/geology1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”70″ \/][et_pb_cta title=”Dominica’s Geology” use_background_color=”off” background_color=”#2caaca” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” url_new_window=”off” header_font_size=”26″ body_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_button=”off” button_text_size=”20″ button_border_width=”2″ button_border_radius=”3″ button_letter_spacing=”0″ button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on” button_border_radius_hover=”3″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

by David Lang<\/em><\/p>\n

Dominica has nine\u00a0main volcanic centres, the highest concentration of \u201clive\u201d volcanoes in the world. This page takes a closer look at our fascinating geology.<\/p>\n

Dominica is built on a broad submarine ridge of (probably) Early Tertiary age (that is about 60 million years ago) or perhaps even older deposits. It is one of the Volcanic Caribees, the more western line of a double island-arc, the other line of which is mainly built of limestone. Dominica is almost entirely composed of volcanic rocks.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” use_custom_gutter=”off” gutter_width=”3″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” text_font_size=”14″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

\"dominica-geological-map\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Geological History<\/h2>\n
\n

The earliest rocks visible on Dominica are found along the east coast (Pagua-Rosalie and some remnants further north and south.) These are lavas and breccias of late Miocene and dykes of Pliocene age (up to 7 million years old). The lavas may appear as red, deeply weathered materials and they are often partly covered by much younger ash deposits.<\/p>\n

In early Pliocene time (perhaps 2-3 million years ago), coarse sedimentary rocks comprised of volcanic materials and some limestones were laid down (and are exposed in west coast cliffs). They form the basal part of Morne Diablotins. Foundland and the Cochrane area, which form the basal part of Morne Trois Pitons are older, possibly late Miocene.<\/p>\n

In middle Pliocene time (about 2 million years ago) basaltic-andesitic shield volcanoes were built in the south of the island and west of the earlier lavas. Some of the deposits are pillow lavas deposited under the sea, and examples can be seen near here, (Springfield), by the public road at Antrim.<\/p>\n

But the most important mountain building period was in the Pleistocene, when a line of dacitic-andesitic composite volcanoes was superimposed over the less lofty earlier shield volcanoes: Morne au Diable (Pelean), Morne Diablotins, Morne Watt, Morne Anglais, Morne Plat-Pays, are all about 400,000-500,000 years old.<\/p>\n

Still later, only 30,000 years ago, a very large eruption, the Roseau ignimbrite eruption took place from near where Trois Pitons stands. Ash and pumice flows filled several valleys and the deposits extended several hundred km from Dominica. The whole deposit is equal in volume to about 60 cubic kilometres of solid rock.<\/p>\n

After this, large dome complexes, of which Morne Trois Pitons is the most spectacular example, were formed , usually in the crater of a large volcano, the latest being that of Morne Patates,the most recent dated deposits of which are about 450 years old (Holocene).<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ \/][et_pb_cta title=”The Historic Past and Present” use_background_color=”off” background_color=”#2caaca” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” url_new_window=”off” header_font_size=”26″ body_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_button=”off” button_text_size=”20″ button_border_width=”2″ button_border_radius=”3″ button_letter_spacing=”0″ button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on” button_border_radius_hover=”3″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Activity during the historic period has been mainly of the form of phreatic and phreato-magmatic explosions, (phreato meaning that water draining from the surface was involved), the last having been located in the Valley of Desolation in 1880, often leaving maare (lakes like that at Woodford Hill) or craters (Du Mas Estate, top end of Morne Prosper e.g).<\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/geology-header.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”on” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” \/][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” text_font_size=”14″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Valley of Desolation, seen along the hike to The Boiling Lake<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/west-coast-rodneys-rock.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”on” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” \/][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” text_font_size=”14″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Rodney’s Rock<\/a>, found along the west coast<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ \/][et_pb_cta title=”The Rocks” use_background_color=”off” background_color=”#2caaca” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” url_new_window=”off” header_font_size=”26″ body_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_button=”off” button_text_size=”20″ button_border_width=”2″ button_border_radius=”3″ button_letter_spacing=”0″ button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on” button_border_radius_hover=”3″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Main rock types:<\/p>\n

Basaltic lava Flows \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>The most abundant type of lava, known as mafic lava which when cooled forms\u00a0basalt.\u00a0Antrim valley for example<\/em><\/p>\n

Andesitic tuffs –\u00a0<\/strong>(some welded)\u00a0and ashes, (some dacitic) and\u00a0agglomerates (widespread, but dacitic materials which include little quartz crystals of diamond shape are confined to the North East, e.g Calibishie)<\/em><\/p>\n

Dacitic Andesitic lavas –\u00a0<\/strong>(Micotrin, Trois Pitons)<\/em> [also microdiorite, (Imray\u2019s)]<\/p>\n

Reef Limestones<\/strong> and Conglomerates – <\/strong>West coast \u2013 notice it as you drive along the highway the cliff faces and outcrops of rock<\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ \/][et_pb_cta title=”Tectonics” use_background_color=”off” background_color=”#2caaca” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” url_new_window=”off” header_font_size=”26″ body_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_button=”off” button_text_size=”20″ button_border_width=”2″ button_border_radius=”3″ button_letter_spacing=”0″ button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on” button_border_radius_hover=”3″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

\u201cPlate tectonics\u201d \u2014 for those interested in modern interpretations of the geology:<\/p>\n

The Caribbean \u2018plate\u2019 is overriding the Atlantic \u2018plate\u2019, which is being \u2018subducted\u2019 down and providing materials which become part of the magma which fuels the Lesser Antillean volcanoes.<\/p>\n

The locus of the edge of the Caribbean \u2018plate\u2019 is perhaps 50 miles east of Dominica, and the crumbling edges of both plates are responsible for the seismic activity so common off east Dominica and in Southern Dominica.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/avirtualdominica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/geology2.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”on” url_new_window=”off” animation=”left” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” \/][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” text_font_size=”14″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Valley of Desolation, seen along the hike to The Boiling Lake<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off”][et_pb_row background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”]<\/p>\n

Where can you see it?<\/h2>\n
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<\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_divider color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”40″ \/][et_pb_cta title=”Soufrieres” use_background_color=”off” background_color=”#2caaca” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” url_new_window=”off” header_font_size=”26″ body_font_size=”14″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_button=”off” button_text_size=”20″ button_border_width=”2″ button_border_radius=”3″ button_letter_spacing=”0″ button_use_icon=”default” button_icon_placement=”right” button_on_hover=”on” button_border_radius_hover=”3″ button_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial” _builder_version=”3.0.53″]<\/p>\n

Sulphur deposits found around the island<\/h4>\n